\r\nUn bon m\u00e9dicament est toujours amer.<\/p>\r\nDicton<\/cite><\/blockquote>\r\n<\/div><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLe go\u00fbt: un sens complexe<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Nos sensations gustatives ne d\u00e9pendent pas seulement de notre sens du go\u00fbt; les sens de l\u2019odorat et du toucher, notre sensibilit\u00e9 \u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature et \u00e0 la douleur, ainsi que nos perceptions visuelles sont aussi fortement impliqu\u00e9s. D\u00e8s avant notre naissance, nous sommes influenc\u00e9s par les pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences culinaires de notre m\u00e8re par l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire du liquide amniotique. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 dans laquelle nous grandissons nous transmet aussi sa vision des aliments qui ont bon ou mauvais go\u00fbt \u2013 qu\u2019ils soient bons ou non pour la sant\u00e9.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Amertume = prudence!<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
La capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 percevoir l\u2019amer s\u2019est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e il y a au moins 80 000 ans \u2013 bien avant que les humains ne se mettent \u00e0 l\u2019agriculture et \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9levage. \u00abLe go\u00fbt amer joue un r\u00f4le protecteur important, car de nombreuses substances toxiques v\u00e9g\u00e9tales sont am\u00e8res. La capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 percevoir ces substances dangereuses peut donc \u00eatre une question de survie, du moins dans certains environnements. Nous sommes capables de percevoir les substances am\u00e8res en concentrations tr\u00e8s faibles, qui d\u00e9clenchent une r\u00e9action de rejet\u00bb, soulignent les auteurs d\u2019une \u00e9tude sur le sujet.
La fa\u00e7on dont nous percevons l\u2019amer d\u00e9pend de nos g\u00e8nes de l\u2019amertume. 25 g\u00e8nes sont impliqu\u00e9s dans des mesures diverses dans la formation des cellules gustatives correspondantes, qui sont chacune capables d\u2019identifier leur propre combinaison de substances am\u00e8res et nous permettent ainsi d\u2019en diff\u00e9rencier des dizaines de milliers. Mais, avec l\u2019\u00e2ge, l\u2019influence de la g\u00e9n\u00e9tique passe \u00e0 l\u2019arri\u00e8re-plan au profit des influences culturelles.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Am\u00e8re m\u00e9decine<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Comme le dit un dicton allemand \u00abAmertume en bouche, estomac (ou c\u0153ur) moins farouche\u00bb. Selon le Prof. Dr Reinhard Saller, des m\u00e9dicaments tr\u00e8s amers sont utilis\u00e9s dans les maladies et les probl\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9 les plus divers: manque d\u2019app\u00e9tit, digestion lente, naus\u00e9es, flatulences, coliques, selles irr\u00e9guli\u00e8res, hypochondrie, troubles nerveux, faiblesse g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, etc. Des r\u00e9cepteurs de l\u2019amertume sont pr\u00e9sents non seulement sur la langue mais aussi au niveau des voies respiratoires sup\u00e9rieures et dans le tube digestif. Attention toutefois: lorsqu\u2019il s\u2019agit de m\u00e9dicaments, il est important de ne pas chercher \u00e0 masquer cette amertume en prenant du miel ou autre chose en m\u00eame temps. Si nous ne sommes pas (ou plus) habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019amer, c\u2019est aussi parce que nous avons cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9liminer l\u2019amertume des fruits et l\u00e9gumes cultiv\u00e9s au cours des derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
De la racine d\u2019ang\u00e9lique \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9corce de citron<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Les plantes m\u00e9dicinales am\u00e8res sont class\u00e9es en diff\u00e9rentes cat\u00e9gories, dont voici les repr\u00e9sentants les plus utilis\u00e9s (sans souci d\u2019exhaustivit\u00e9):<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n- Amara pura (contenant uniquement ou principalement des substances am\u00e8res): quassia amer, tr\u00e8fle d\u2019eau (m\u00e9nyanthe trifoli\u00e9e), racine de gentiane, petite centaur\u00e9e<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
- Amara aromatica (substances am\u00e8res et huiles essentielles): racine d\u2019ang\u00e9lique, \u00e9corce d\u2019orange am\u00e8re, \u00e9corce de condurango, c\u00f4nes de houblon, racine d\u2019acore vrai, chardon b\u00e9nit, cascarille (\u00e9corce de Croton eluteria), parties herbac\u00e9es de l\u2019achill\u00e9e millefeuille et de l\u2019absinthe, \u00e9corce de citron<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
- Amara adstringentia (substances am\u00e8res et tanins): \u00e9corce de quinquina, \u00e9corce de condurango, parties herbac\u00e9es de l\u2019achill\u00e9e millefeuille<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
- Amara mucilagenosa (substances am\u00e8res et substances mucilagineuses en quantit\u00e9s non n\u00e9gligeables): parties herbac\u00e9es du gal\u00e9opside, mousse d\u2019Islande, racine de calumba<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
- Amara acria (substances am\u00e8res et substances piquantes en quantit\u00e9s non n\u00e9gligeables): rhizomes de galanga et de gingembre<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
- Amara salina (substances am\u00e8res et sel): racine et parties herbac\u00e9es du pissenlit, racine de chicor\u00e9e sauvage<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n- \u00a0<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Indice d\u2019amertume<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
L\u2019amertume d\u2019un rem\u00e8de ou d\u2019un aliment est analys\u00e9e par comparaison avec une solution \u00abencore plus\u00bb am\u00e8re, en utilisant diff\u00e9rentes m\u00e9thodes de mesure. L\u2019amarogentine issue de la racine de gentiane est la substance naturelle la plus am\u00e8re avec un indice d\u2019amertume de 60 000 000 environ.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Quassia amer 40 000 \u2013 50 000
Gentiane (racine) 10 000 \u2013 30 000
Absinthe (parties herbac\u00e9es) 10 000 \u2013 25 000
Condurango (racine) 15 000
Griffe du diable (racine) 5000 \u2013 15 000
Tr\u00e8fle d\u2019eau (feuilles) 4000 \u2013 10 000
Marube blanc (feuilles) 3000
Petite centaur\u00e9e (parties herbac\u00e9es) 2000 \u2013 10 000
Chardon b\u00e9nit (parties herbac\u00e9es) 800 \u2013 1500
Orange am\u00e8re (\u00e9corce) 600 \u2013 2500
Pissenlit (racine) \u2265100
Source: Pschyrembel<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n
\r\n
Six saveurs gustatives<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Tous nos lecteurs connaissent certainement les quatre saveurs fondamentales que nous percevons par le sens du go\u00fbt: le sucr\u00e9, l\u2019acide, le sal\u00e9 et l\u2019amer.
Une cinqui\u00e8me perception gustative a \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9e en 1909 au Japon: l\u2019umami, d\u00e9crit comme le go\u00fbt savoureux qu\u2019on retrouve dans la viande ou plus simplement \u00abgo\u00fbt du glutamate\u00bb.
Les glutamates \u2013 ester et sels de l\u2019acide glutamique (E 620) \u2013 sont pr\u00e9sents en concentration \u00e9lev\u00e9e dans les tomates s\u00e9ch\u00e9es, la viande, les shiitak\u00e9s s\u00e9ch\u00e9s, la sauce soja, le parmesan ou encore la sauce Arome de Maggi.
En 2005, un sixi\u00e8me go\u00fbt a encore \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couvert: le \u00abgo\u00fbt du gras\u00bb ou ol\u00e9ogustus, qui ne peut toutefois \u00eatre per\u00e7u que par les personnes qui ont beaucoup de bourgeons du go\u00fbt.
Alors que la m\u00e9decine traditionnelle chinoise identifie cinq grandes saveurs (le doux, l\u2019acide, le sal\u00e9, l\u2019amer et le piquant), la m\u00e9decine tib\u00e9taine et l\u2019ayurv\u00e9da, la m\u00e9decine traditionnelle indienne, en distinguent une sixi\u00e8me: l\u2019astringent ou \u00e2pre.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
De tous les go\u00fbts connus, l\u2019\u00abamer\u00bb est le plus mal […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":30505,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[769,778,775],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28469","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-alimentation","category-bebes","category-sante-des-organes"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
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